Own Climate Studies
An
increasing
number
of
humans
get
mad
of
the
daily
repeated
horror
scenarios
about
the
influence
of
fossil
fuel
emissions
on
our
climate.
These
scenarios
are
primarily
based
on
computer
models
with
irrational
pre
dictions,
which
are
strongly
diverging
from
observations.
Thus,
people
feel
they
are
manipulated,
and
although
they
are
no
climate
experts
they
have
their common sense.
I’m
also
no
climate
scientist,
but
for
more
than
half
a
century
I
was
doing
basic
science,
and
I
was
involved
in
studies
of
long
and
short
wavelength
electromagnetic
propagation
through
the
atmosphere
as
well
as
doing
experiments
with
greenhouse
gases,
see:
Laser
Research
i)
and
Laser
Research
j)
.
This
qualification
together
with
fundamental
doubts
about
the
size
of
the
GHE,
the
widely
scat
tering
data
for
global
warming
and
the
announced
sea
level
rise
was
motivation enough
to critically scrutinize two central claims of the IPCC:
•
Almost only greenhouse gases - in particular CO
2
- are responsible for global warming, and
•
only
fossil
fuel
emissions
and
land
use
change
are
responsible
for
an
increasing
CO
2
concen
-
tration in the atmosphere.
My
own
climate
studies
started
after
retiring.
They
are
not
funded
by
any
industrial
or
go
vern
-
men
tal
part
ners.
Only
some
resources
of
the
university
like
the
library
or
lecture
rooms
for
seminars were used.
The
existence
or
non-existence
of
the
so-called
atmospheric
greenhouse
effect
continu
-
ously
dominates
the
extremely
emotional
discussion
about
the
human
impact
on
global
warming.
Most
scientists
agree
with
the
fundamental
greenhouse
theory,
but
like
their
opponents
they
are
missing
a
reliable
experimental
verification
of
this
effect.
Measure
-
ments
at
the
open
atmosphere
are
too
strongly
affected
by
perturbations
to
quantify
the
relatively
small
contribution
of
greenhouse
gases
to
local
heating
of
the
air
or
the
Earth's
surface.
Therefore,
Michael
Schnell
has
developed
an
advanced
set-up
in
his
private
labo
-
ratory,
which
allows
to
largely
eliminate
convection
or
heat
conduction
and
to
reproduci
b
-
ly
study
the
direct
influence
of
greenhouse
gases
under
similar
conditions
as
in
the
lower
troposphere.
With
this
equipment
the
additional
warming
of
a
pre-heated
plate
due
to
back-radiation
of
the
greenhouse
gases
carbon
dioxide,
methane
and
nitrous
oxide
can
be
measured
as
a
function
of
the
gas
concentration.
These
measurements
are
well
con
-
firmed
by
radiation
transfer
calculations,
from
which
we
derive
the
radiative
forcing
of
these gases. Our studies underline that there exists no climate emergency.
The
IPCC
declares
that
the
observed
warming
with
the
start
of
the
Industrial
Era
at
the
end
of
the
Little
Ice
Age
is
predominantly
caused
by
human
emissions
of
CO
2
.
To
examine
this
statement
extensive
line-by-line
calculations
of
the
GHG
water
vapor
(WV),
carbon
dioxide
(CO
2
),
methane
(CH
4
)
and
ozone
(O
3
)
were
performed.
The
absorption
and
re-radi
-
ation
of
these
gases
together
with
sensible
and
latent
heat
fluxes
is
considered
in
a
radi
-
ation
and
energy
budget
of
the
Earth-Atmosphere
System
(EASy).
From
this
is
derived
the
temperature
response
of
EASy
to
a
hypothetically
assumed
doubling
of
CO
2
in
the
atmo
-
sphere
under
steady
state
con
ditions.
This
temperature
increase
is
known
as
the
Equili
-
brium
Climate
Sensitivity
(ECS)
and
represents
an
important
measure
for
the
influence
of
CO
2
on
our
climate.
Own
calculations
show
an
almost
5x
smaller
ECS
than
published
by
the IPCC.
The
global
warming
potential
and
the
radiative
efficiency
of
methane
(CH
4
)
are
classified
to
be
at
least
25x
larger
than
CO
2
.
From
these
figures
IPCC
infers
an
even
more
dramatic
impact
of
CH
4
on
the
climate
than
CO
2
.
Only
due
to
the
200x
lower
concentration
in
the
atmo
sphere
the
overall
influence
of
CH
4
on
global
warming
is
assumed
to
be
lower
than
that
of
CO
2
.
However,
when
comparing
both
gases
at
identical
concentrations,
e.g.,
at
400
ppm,
we
find
that
instead
of
an
increased
warming
potential
and
radiative
efficiency
CH
4
is
about
half
as
sensitive
as
carbon
dioxide,
this
as
a
result
of
saturation
effects
and
inter
-
ference with water vapor lines.
Therefore,
for
a
reliable
comparison
the
same
calculations
have
to
be
performed
for
me
-
thane
as
for
carbon
dioxide
to
determine
an
Equilibrium
Methane
Sensitivity
(EMS)
as
temperature increase at doubled CH
4
concentration.
The
IPCC
assumes
that
the
inclining
atmospheric
CO
2
concentration
over
recent
years
was
almost
exclusively
determined
by
anthropogenic
emissions,
and
this
increase
is
made
re
-
sponsible for the rising temperature over the Industrial Era.
When
critically
scrutinizing
the
carbon
cycle
one
finds
that
the
IPCC
completely
neglects
temperature
dependent
natural
emission
and
absorption
processes
over
the
last
270
years.
Own
studies
show
that
anthropogenic
emissions
only
contribute
less
than
5%
to
the
actual
atmospheric
CO
2
concentration,
which
is
only
17
ppm
or
15%
of
the
113
ppm
increase over the Industrial Era.
IPCC
classifies
the
human
influence
on
our
climate
as
extremely
likely
to
be
the
main
reason
of
global
warming
over
the
last
decades.
Particularly
anthropogenic
emissions
of
carbon
dioxide
are
made
responsible
for
the
observed
temperature
changes,
while
any
natural
forcings
are
almost
completely
excluded.
However,
detailed
own
calculations
with
an
advanced
energy-radiation-balance
model
indicate
that
the
temperature
increase
and
its
variations
over
the
last
140
years
can
much
better
be
explained
by
additionally
including
solar
radiative
forcing
and
its
amplification
by
induced
cloud
cover
changes.
We
present
simulations
based
on
different
time
series
of
the
total
solar
irradiance
and
compare
them
with
composed
land-ocean-surface
temperature
measurements
of
the
Northern
Hemisphere.
From
these
simulations
we
follow
that
CO
2
should
not
have
contributed
more
than
about
one
third
to
global
warming
over
the
last
century,
while
solar variations over this period can well explain two thirds of the increase.
Physics & Climate